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THE LIVING WORLD| characteristics of living organism| GROWTH (TWIN CHARACTER)|REPRODUCTION ||METABOLISM |REGULATION OF METABOLIC REACTION| CONCIOUSNESS |INTERACTION AT DIFFERENT LEVELS IN A ORGANISM |DIVERSITY IN LIVING WORLD | NOMENCLATURE OF PLANT AND ANIMAL|IDENTIFICATION BIONOMIAL NOMENCLATURE | BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION | BASIS OF MODERN TAXONOMY | SYSTEMATICS |TAXONOMIC HIERARCHY |SPECIES |GENUS|FAMILY |ORDER |CLASS|PHYLUM |KINGDOM |TAXONOMICAL AIDS |HERBARIUM |BOTANICAL GARDENS |MUSEUM |ZOOLOGICAL PARKS |KEYS|FLORA

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  THE LIVING WORLD  1. Systematic and detail description of life forms              o Identification, nomenclature and classification. 2. ERNST MAYR  ‘The Darwin of the20th century’; Pioneered the currently accepted definition of a biological species. 3. CHARACTERSTICS OF A LIVING ORGANISM               GROWTH:         TWIN CHARACTERISTICS                  •Increase in mass and increase in number         A multicellular organism grows by cell division.         In plants, the growtUnlimited & Localised           In animals, the growth is Limited & Unlocalised           Unicellular organisms grow by cell division.          Growth of living organism is from inside.           ...
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IMMUNITY:

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IMMUNITY:   • The ability of the host to fight the disease-causing organisms,   • conferred by the immune system.   .Immunity is of two types:   • Innate immunity   • Acquired immunity.  Innate immunity  • Non-specific type of defence,   • Present at the time of birth.   .Innate immunity is accomplished by providing different types of barriers to the entry of the foreign agents into our body.   • Innate immunity consists of four types of barriers.  These are —         • Physical barriers:                  Ø Skin                   Ø Mucus coating of the epithelium lining          • Physiological barriers:                  Ø Acid in the stomach,                  Ø saliv...
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VACCINATION | small pox variola vaccine |hepatitis-B vaccine |vaccine

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 VACCINATION       • In vaccination, a preparation of antigenic proteins of pathogen or inactivated/weakened pathogen (vaccine) are introduced into the body.       • The antibodies produced in the body against these antigens would neutralise the pathogenic agents during actual infection.                • The vaccines also generate memory – B and T-cells that recognise the pathogen quickly on subsequent exposure and kill the invaders with a massive production of antibodies.         Production of large scale of vaccine become possible through DNA recombinant technology which allowed the production of antigenic polypeptide(vaccine) in bacteria and yeast.     Hepatitis B vaccine is produced from yeast through DNA recombination technology for large scale immunisation. 
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